Illuminating DNA
Background information

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DNA: MOLECULE OF THE CENTURY

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Illuminating DNA is available as downloadable Adobe Acrobat (PDF) files.

Details of how to obtain a free copy of the Adobe Acrobat Reader software are given here.

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This section consists of 10 pages of background information, briefly describing some of the key techniques of molecular biology, including:

  • The structure of DNA;
  • The base-pairing mechanism;
  • The location of DNA in cells;
  • The genetic code and protein synthesis.

Techniques of genetic modification, including the role of:

  • restriction enzymes;
  • DNA ligase;
  • reverse transcriptase; and
  • DNA polymerase.

Transformation methods, including:

  • particle bombardment;
  • use of Argobacterium tumefaciens;
  • microinjection;
  • electroporation.

Other important techniques:

  • Marker genes and gene regulation;
  • The polymerase chain reaction;
  • Antisense technology;
  • DNA gel electrophoresis;
  • Gene mapping and sequencing.
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OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The background information in 'Illuminating DNA' is necessarily brief. For a fuller account, the best reference is:

Essential cell biology by Bruce Alberts, et al. (1997) Garland Publishing, New York.ISBN: 0 8153 2971 7.

This is the 'mini version' of the classic text Molecular Biology of the Cell. Although this book is aimed primarily at undergraduates, the explanations are clear and cover many basic concepts, making large portions suitable for a 16-19 year-old audience. The full-colour illustrations are superb, often with double-page spreads to introduce key concepts - the book is worth consulting for these alone.

More recent copies come with a free CD-ROM (Mac and PC on the same disc), featuring such things as an animated explanation of protein synthesis. The publishers also sell overhead projector transparencies of selected images from the book, plus all of the graphics on CD-ROM. You can download sample pages (as PDF files) from the Garland Publishing Web site.

No less well-illustrated (although only in two colours) is Life chemistry and molecular biology. An introductory text by E. J. Wood, C. A. Smith and W. R. Pickering (1996) Portland Press. ISBN: 1 85578 064 X. This book has the advantage of being written specifically for 'A' Level biology students.

Microbial World at the University of Edinburgh provides an excellent profile of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

HISTORY

The most comprehensive and authoritative account of the short history of molecular biology is Horace Freeland Judson's classic, The eighth day of creation (1996) [Second, expanded edtn.] Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN: 0 87969 478 5.

Even though it's a paperback, this 714-page tome is relatively expensive (the cheaper Penguin copy of the first edition being out-of-print). You will have to buy it direct from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press or from an on-line bookseller such as Amazon.

In its short history, human genetics has experienced several terrible periods, some of which are well-documented in Daniel J. Kevles's In the name of eugenics (1995) Harvard University Press. ISBN: 0 674 44557 0.

Cold Spring Harbor's Dolan DNA Learning Center has recently put many of its records from the time in which it was a focus for eugenic 'research' on-line, and the site is well worth a look, even though it can be slow to download on the British side of the pond.

A modern perspective on the human genome project is provided by Matt Ridley's superb Genome: the autobiography of a species in 23 chapters (2000) Fourth Estate. ISBN: 1 85702 835 X.

PRACTICAL WORK

The 'bible' for practical work with DNA in schools is the Dolan DNA Learning Center's DNA Science. A first course in recombinant DNA technology by David Micklos and Greg Freyer (2002, Second edition) Carolina Biological Supply Company / Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN: 0 87969 636 2.

The introductory theory section has been updated for this second edition, and the practical exercises which form the latter part of the book are second-to-none. Most can readily be done in the EU, although some of the transformations are not self-cloning ones, so caution is required.

A version of these protocols alone (with some additional exercises) is provided by Laboratory DNA Science. An introduction to recombinant DNA techniques and methods of genome analysis by Mark Bloom, Greg Freyer and David Micklos (1996) The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company. ISBN: 0 8053 3040 2.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE DATA

Some of the molecular structure data used in the booklet comes from the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb).

The data for the molecules came from:

DNA T7 ligase - PDB ID: 1A0I
Subramanya, H. S., Doherty, A. J., Ashford, S. R., Wigley, D. B. (1996) Crystal structure of an ATP-dependent DNA ligase from bacteriophage T7.
Cell 85 pp. 607

DNA polymerase - PDB ID: 1TAU
Eom, S. H., Wang, J., Steitz, T. A. (1996) Structure of
Taq ploymerase with DNA at the polymerase active site. Nature 382 pp. 278

DNA - PDB ID: 1D66
Marmorstein, R., Carey, M., Ptashne, M., Harrison, S. C. (1992) DNA recognition by GAL4: structure of a protein-DNA complex.
Nature 356 pp. 408

ß-galactosidase - PDB ID: 3PBG
Wiesmann, C., Hengstenberg, W., Schulz, G. E. (1997) Crystal structures and mechanism of 6-phospho-beta-galactosidase from
Lactococcus lactis. Journal of Molecular Biology 269 pp. 851

Copyright © National Centre for Biotechnology Education, 2006 | www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk